Past Flooding of Meridiani Planum Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity landing site

The scene that welcomed Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity when it landed in the Meridiani Planum region of Mars was strange even by Mars’ standards. When viewed from both a local and global perspective is clearly an area of catastrophic flooding and not long standing sea proposed by JPL because Meridiani Planum forms a clear splatter large zone across the surface of Mars. Further more the rocks show clear evidence of being exposed to and eroded by concentrated sulfuric acid making the environment more like that of a car battery than an habitable sea. This further shows that Martian geology has a largely catastrophic make up and not a uniformitarian one as seen Part one: Catastrophic Martian Geology

The Geology of Mars it’s Catastrophic

What makes Mars amazing is thar contrary to the claims of form JPL is show a clearly catastrophic nature. The Hellas impact basin (the largest on Mars) is on the opposite of Mars from the Tharsis plateau with its massive volcanoes. In fact the center of Hellas is exactly opposite Alba Patera’s caldera, Alba Patera has the largest diameter of all of  Mar’s volcanoes  this implies that the Hellas impact triggered the formation of not only Alba Patera but the other Tharsis volcanoes as well, The ash from their eruptions ultimately forming the Tharsis plateau,

Another smaller impact basin called Argyre seems to have been responsible for ripping open Valles Marineris.  In fact the dominant distribution of craters on Mars suggests that they came largely from the same direction suggesting a short period nearly unidirectional  bombardment rather than a longer period of occasional random impacts.

This shows that Martian geology has a largely catastrophic make up and not a uniformitarian one. Mars is a place 

Introducing the Science of Cosmology

Cosmology

This is an introductory article on the Science of Cosmology. It includes a list of future topics that will be linked to as they are completed. It provides a general description of  Cosmology in genreal, the Big Bang and Creationist Cosmology.

Introducting the Genesis Mission reprint of the paper Mars, a Testament to Catastrophe

Mars, a Testament to Catastrophe

Mars is an amazing place but contrary to some of the claims of form JPL is show a clearly catastrophic nature. This paper shows that Martian geology is result of several catastrophic processes. Contrary to some attacks made against it does not propose that Mars had a global flood but a different geologic catastrophe of similar scale. It also dates the catastrophe to about the time of the Genesis Flood by way of impact patters that from young Earth perspective would have occurred during the Flood.

An introduction to the Genesis Mission article on Astronomy

Astronomy

This is an introductory article on Astronomy. It includes a list of future topics that will be linked to as they are completed. It provides useful information on Astronomy and its history.

The Science of Cosmology

Cosmology: The scientific discipline dealing with the origin, structure, and relationships of the universe
A cosmology: Any theory or doctrine that describes the natural order of the universe.

Every civilization has had a cosmology as far back as it known and they have usually taken the form of a philosophically based mythology.  Increased knowledge in Physics and Chemistry has resulted in a more scientific approach but philosophic assumptions still play a major role in Cosmology.

The expansion of the Universe was discovered by Edwin Hubble discovered in 1929 by measuring the redshifts of distant galaxies. In 1998 it was discovered the expansion of the universe to be accelerating based on observations of type Ia supernovae.

Cosmic Background Radiation is the thermal black body spectrum that is nearly uniform in every direction, It represents a temperature of 2.725 K peaking in the microwave range a frequency of 160.2 GHz, with a wavelength of 1.9 mm. It was first observed in 1965 by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. The CBR temperature fluctuations discovered by the WMAP data of the entire sky showed an average temperature is 2.725 Kelvin with tiny temperature fluctuations spanning about 0.0002 degrees Celsius.

The Big Bang Cosmology is the current Cosmology of the scientific establishment. The model starts with all mater and space squeezed into an infinitesimal dot called a singularity. This infinitesimal dot suddenly underwent an extremely energetic expansion commonly described as an explosion. Over time the heat of this expansion cooled eventually forming galaxies, stars, planets and eventually us. CBR is seen as residual heat from the Big Bang red shifted by the expansion of t he universe. The Big Bang is based on three main purely philosophical assumptions. First there is absolute naturalism with no intelligents or purpose being allowed in the process. The universe is considered to be unbounded with no edge that is no point beyond which there is no mater. Finally there is the cosmological principle which states that the universe looks the same from every place. The goal is to deal with the fact that we seem to be at the center of the universe by making every place look like the center

There Other Naturalistic Cosmologies such as the steady state cosmology which has no beginning or end to the universe but requires a continual source of new matter. There is a new Cosmology called the electric universe which depicts much of the phenomenon in universe as being electrical in nature. It is not yet fully developed.  

Creationist Cosmology is based on three main purely philosophical assumptions. The first is God as the creative intelligents with purpose in the process. The universe viewed as bounded with an edge beyond which no mater is found. There is a center to the universe and the Earth is near it. Now this is not Geodetic because the universe does not rotate around the Earth Plugging these assumptions along with the observed expansion into relativity results in time dilation at the center where the Earth would have been producing a time line on Earth consistent with the Biblical account. CBR is seen as the light God created on day one red shifted by an expansion factor of about 3,300.

In conclusion Cosmology deals with the origin, structure, and relationships of the universe but is heavily dependent on philosophical assumptions since we only see the universe a one location that is the Earth. Evolutionary and Creationist Cosmologies are based on different assumptions producing different results for the same data.

The Science of Astronomy.

Astronomy is the natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects and phenomena originating outside the Earth's atmosphere.

Astronomy’s basic activity is observation of celestial objects so as to measure their properties such a mss, diameter, brightness and composition. Observations are usually made by way of some form of telescope. The types of telescopes used include visible light, radio, inferred, ultraviolet, X – ray, and gamma ray telescopes.

The telescope produced a giant leap in astronomy allowing observations beyond the rage of the unaided eye. Further developments in telescope have opened up whole new ways of looking at the Universe. Professional astronomy has often come to be seen as equivalent to astrophysics

The 20th century saw the division of astronomy into two main fields. Observational Astronomy is the acquiring of data from observations and analyzing that data using physics. Theoretical Astronomy is the development of computer models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena.

Today Observational and Theoretical Astronomy complement each other. The theoretical Seeks to explain observations and observations used to test the theoretical. Amateur astronomers have also contributed to many important astronomical discoveries making astronomy one of the few sciences that amateurs can still play an active role.